Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Occurrence of Chlamydia spp. in Conjunctival Samples of Stray Cats in Timișoara Municipality, Western Romania

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10112187

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of Chlamydia spp. infections in the monitored stray cats according to the recorded epidemiological data.

Article Snippet: Within each PCR reaction, we used a positive control consisting of the Chlamydia spp. vaccine DNA (Purevax RCPCh, Merial, France) and PCR-grade distilled water as a negative control.

Techniques: Giemsa Stain, Sampling, Western Blot

Journal: FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Article Title: Host cell death during infection with Chlamydia : a double-edged sword

doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa043

Figure Lengend Snippet: The chlamydial developmental cycle. Schematic representation of the different stages of the Chlamydia developmental cycle. Bacteria are indicated as yellow spheres. Small and large spheres represent EBs and RBs, respectively.

Article Snippet: Most of these studies investigated the interaction of Chlamydia spp. with human or murine monocytes or macrophages (Ojcius et al . ; Cheng et al . ; Prantner et al . ; Abdul-Sater et al . ; He et al . ; Shimada et al . ; Nagarajan et al . ; Itoh et al . ; Finethy et al . ; Chen et al . ; Webster et al . ).

Techniques: Bacteria

Journal: FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Article Title: Host cell death during infection with Chlamydia : a double-edged sword

doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Alternative fates of Chlamydia -infected cells. The encounter with Chlamydia does not always lead to the death of the infected cell. (A) Under certain conditions, in particular after invasion of a professional phagocyte, Chlamydia infection can be cleared by the host cell, for instance by phagolysosomal destruction of the pathogen. (B) Under unfavorable growth conditions, Chlamydia ’s progress through the developmental cycle is blocked and the bacteria can persist inside the viable host cell for prolonged periods of time without inducing host cell death. Under favorable growth conditions in permissive host cells, Chlamydia can complete its developmental cycle and form infectious EBs that are released from host cells through either induction of host cell death (C) or extrusion (D) . During extrusion, host cells remain viable. Complete extrusion can lead to the formation of inclusion-free cells. (E) In some instances, host cell mitosis can give rise to one infected and one inclusion-free daughter cell, while in other instances two infected daughter cells can arise.

Article Snippet: Most of these studies investigated the interaction of Chlamydia spp. with human or murine monocytes or macrophages (Ojcius et al . ; Cheng et al . ; Prantner et al . ; Abdul-Sater et al . ; He et al . ; Shimada et al . ; Nagarajan et al . ; Itoh et al . ; Finethy et al . ; Chen et al . ; Webster et al . ).

Techniques: Infection, Bacteria

Journal: FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Article Title: Host cell death during infection with Chlamydia : a double-edged sword

doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-apoptotic activities of C. trachomatis . The illustration gives an overview of the main anti-apoptotic activities described for C. trachomatis . Chlamydia factors and Chlamydia -mediated activities are indicated in yellow. Upward facing arrows next to factors or pathways indicate upregulation or activation; downward facing arrows indicate downregulation. Note that the anti-apoptotic activities of Chlamydia spp. were shown to be species specific. For instance, NFκB activation was reported to play a role in apoptosis inhibition during infection with C. pneumoniae , but not during infection with C. trachomatis . It is therefore not shown.

Article Snippet: Most of these studies investigated the interaction of Chlamydia spp. with human or murine monocytes or macrophages (Ojcius et al . ; Cheng et al . ; Prantner et al . ; Abdul-Sater et al . ; He et al . ; Shimada et al . ; Nagarajan et al . ; Itoh et al . ; Finethy et al . ; Chen et al . ; Webster et al . ).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Inhibition, Infection

Journal: FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Article Title: Host cell death during infection with Chlamydia : a double-edged sword

doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Host cell death as consequence of inclusion instability. (A) Host cell lysis at late stages of infection with C. trachomatis is preceded by inclusion rupture. (B) Conditions that cause premature inclusion rupture, such as laser-mediated disruption of inclusions and potentially lack of certain Inc proteins, result in premature host cell death. The molecular machineries that execute cell death in these distinct situations are not well understood. Yet, it is conceivable that Chlamydia co-opts pre-existing host cellular defense responses to mediate its exit from its host cell.

Article Snippet: Most of these studies investigated the interaction of Chlamydia spp. with human or murine monocytes or macrophages (Ojcius et al . ; Cheng et al . ; Prantner et al . ; Abdul-Sater et al . ; He et al . ; Shimada et al . ; Nagarajan et al . ; Itoh et al . ; Finethy et al . ; Chen et al . ; Webster et al . ).

Techniques: Lysis, Infection, Disruption

Journal: European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology

Article Title: Borrelia and Chlamydia Can Form Mixed Biofilms in Infected Human Skin Tissues

doi: 10.1556/1886.2019.00003

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) A multiple sequence alignment obtained from Clustal Omega analyses representing BL Chlamydia OmpA DNA sequence mapped against different Chlamydia strains of Chlamydia psittaci (KM247620), Chlamydia trachomatis (EU040365), and Chlamydia pneumoniae (KC512913). (B) Clustel Omega multiple sequence alignment of OmpA gene DNA sequences obtained from BL tissues against different Chlamydia strains such as Chlamydia trachomatis (JX559522), Chlamydia psittaci (HM214490), and Chlamydia pneumoniae (DQ358972). Asterisks represent identical nucleotide sequence in all four Chlamydia sequences

Article Snippet: The slides were then treated with a dilution of 1:200 (dilution buffer: PBS pH 7.4 + 0.5% BSA) of monoclonal antibody for Chlamydia spp. (Cat# C65815M, Meridian Life Sciences, USA) and incubated overnight in a humidified chamber at 4 °C.

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology

Article Title: Borrelia and Chlamydia Can Form Mixed Biofilms in Infected Human Skin Tissues

doi: 10.1556/1886.2019.00003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative IHC images of Borrelia, Chlamydia , and alginate staining in Borrelia -infected BL skin tissues. Panels A, F, K, P, and V show IHC staining results of skin tissues using a FITC labeled anti -Borrelia antibody (green arrows and arrowheads). Panels B, G, L, Q, and W show staining results with anti-chlamydia antibody (red arrows). Panels C, H, M, R, and X show staining of anti-alginate antibody (blue arrows). Panels D, I, N, S, and Y show results of staining with non-specific IgG antibody. Panels E, J, O, T, and Z are the differential interference contrast (DIC) images that show the morphology of the tissues. Panels A–O corresponds to BL skin tissues while panels P–T include negative controls corresponding to skin tissues from healthy human foreskin, and panels V–Z include negative controls corresponding to healthy skin tissues. All images were taken at 200× magnification. Scale bar: 200 μm

Article Snippet: The slides were then treated with a dilution of 1:200 (dilution buffer: PBS pH 7.4 + 0.5% BSA) of monoclonal antibody for Chlamydia spp. (Cat# C65815M, Meridian Life Sciences, USA) and incubated overnight in a humidified chamber at 4 °C.

Techniques: Staining, Infection, Immunohistochemistry, Labeling

Journal: European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology

Article Title: Borrelia and Chlamydia Can Form Mixed Biofilms in Infected Human Skin Tissues

doi: 10.1556/1886.2019.00003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative images of IHC staining of BL biopsy skin tissues with Borrelia, Chlamydia , and alginate-specific antibodies. Panels A, E, I, M, and R show IHC positive staining for Borrelia (green arrows), and panels B and F show positive staining of Chlamydia (red arrows), while panels J, N, and S show negative staining for Chlamydia spp. Panel C, G, K, O, and T depict positive staining for alginate (blue arrows). Panel D, H, L, P, and V show DIC images. All images were taken at 400× magnification. Scale Bar: 200 μm

Article Snippet: The slides were then treated with a dilution of 1:200 (dilution buffer: PBS pH 7.4 + 0.5% BSA) of monoclonal antibody for Chlamydia spp. (Cat# C65815M, Meridian Life Sciences, USA) and incubated overnight in a humidified chamber at 4 °C.

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Negative Staining

Journal: European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology

Article Title: Borrelia and Chlamydia Can Form Mixed Biofilms in Infected Human Skin Tissues

doi: 10.1556/1886.2019.00003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantitative analysis of Borrelia biofilms for positive Borrelia and Chlamydia IHC staining

Article Snippet: The slides were then treated with a dilution of 1:200 (dilution buffer: PBS pH 7.4 + 0.5% BSA) of monoclonal antibody for Chlamydia spp. (Cat# C65815M, Meridian Life Sciences, USA) and incubated overnight in a humidified chamber at 4 °C.

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry

Journal: European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology

Article Title: Borrelia and Chlamydia Can Form Mixed Biofilms in Infected Human Skin Tissues

doi: 10.1556/1886.2019.00003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative images of the IHC staining on BL skin tissue section and the images of the consecutive slides stained with combined fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and IHC techniques. Panels A, B, and C are the results of skin tissues stained with antibodies against Borrelia (green arrow), Chlamydia (red arrow), and alginate (blue arrow), respectively. Panels E and I show the staining results of skin tissues with 16S rDNA probe for Borrelia burgdorferi (green arrow). Panels F and J show the staining results of skin tissues with 16S rDNA probe for Chlamydia spp. (red arrow). Panel G is stained with antibodies for alginate (blue arrow). Panels D and H depict the morphology of the skin tissues using DIC microscopy methods. As comprehensive negative controls, a competing oligonucleotide (panels I and J for Borrelia and Chlamydia , respectively), a random DNA probe (panel K), and a DNase-treated samples (panel L) were used on consecutive tissue sections to further show the specific city of the 16S rDNA probe (for further details of the experimental conditions can be in Materials and Methods). All images were taken at 400× magnification. Scale bar: 100 μm

Article Snippet: The slides were then treated with a dilution of 1:200 (dilution buffer: PBS pH 7.4 + 0.5% BSA) of monoclonal antibody for Chlamydia spp. (Cat# C65815M, Meridian Life Sciences, USA) and incubated overnight in a humidified chamber at 4 °C.

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Staining, In Situ Hybridization, Microscopy

Journal: European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology

Article Title: Borrelia and Chlamydia Can Form Mixed Biofilms in Infected Human Skin Tissues

doi: 10.1556/1886.2019.00003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Three-dimensional (3D) analyses of Borrelia and Chlamydia mixed biofilm in human BL skin biopsy tissue using confocal microscopy. Panels A, B, and C are the results of skin tissues positively immunostained with antibodies against Borrelia (green arrow), Chlamydia (red arrow), and alginate (blue arrow), respectively. Panel D shows the DIC image to depict the morphology of the tissue. Confocal microscopy shows the 3D distribution of mixed biofilms and the individual Z stacks focus on the biofilms showing Borrelia and Chlamydia (panel F) and Borrelia and alginate (panel G) spatial distribution. Scale bar: 100 μm

Article Snippet: The slides were then treated with a dilution of 1:200 (dilution buffer: PBS pH 7.4 + 0.5% BSA) of monoclonal antibody for Chlamydia spp. (Cat# C65815M, Meridian Life Sciences, USA) and incubated overnight in a humidified chamber at 4 °C.

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy